Green Products and Green Design (below)

Green design and its characteristics and methods

1. Green design and its features

Whether the product can meet the requirements of the green standard, the decisive factor is whether the product is designed with green design.

In the design process of traditional design, designers usually design based on basic attributes (function, quality, life, cost) of the product. The guiding principle of design is: As long as the product is easy to manufacture and meets the required functions and performance, Little or no consideration was given to the recycling of resources and the impact of products on the ecological environment. In this way, the products manufactured and manufactured in this way will have low recycling rate after the end of their service life and serious waste of resources and energy. Especially toxic and hazardous substances among them will seriously pollute the ecological environment and affect the sustainability of production development.

Green design is product design based on the principle of green technology. The so-called green technology (Green Technolosv - GT) or the West called "environmental friendly technology"
(Environmental Sound Technology - EST) is a general term for technologies, processes, or products that reduce environmental pollution or reduce the use of raw materials and natural resources. The purpose of green design is to overcome the deficiencies of traditional design, so that the designed product meets the requirements of green products. It includes all phases of product recovery, reuse and disposal after concept formation, production, use, and even disposal. It involves the entire product life cycle and is the entire process from cradle to reproduction. In other words, to fundamentally prevent pollution and save resources and energy, the key lies in the design and manufacture, and cannot take any measures to prevent the products from having adverse environmental consequences. (The current End-to-Pipe is ), we must try to prevent the negative effects of products and processes on the environment before manufacturing. This is the basic idea of ​​green design. To sum up, green design is a design that considers the product's environmental attributes (removability, recyclability, maintainability, reusability, etc.) throughout the product's life cycle and uses it as a design goal. , While satisfying the requirements of the environmental goals, we must ensure that the products have the basic functions, use of Shou-Yu, and quality. Green design requires that when designing products, reasonable raw materials, structures, and processes must be selected according to the indicators of environmental protection, energy consumption should be reduced during manufacturing and use, and no toxic or side effects should be generated. Its products can be easily disassembled and recycled, and recycled materials can be used. reproduction.

Green design takes its green degree as the design goal throughout the product life cycle, that is, in the concept design and rough design stage, it fully considers the various impacts on the environment after the product is manufactured, sold, used, and scrapped. The technical staff should all cooperate closely, share information, and use the environmental evaluation criteria to constrain the manufacturing process such as manufacturing, assembly, disassembly, and recycling, and to make it economical.

Green design must follow certain systematic design procedures, including: evaluation of environmental regulations, identification of environmental pollution, introduction of environmental issues, alternative solutions to reduce pollution, meet user requirements, technical and commercial assessment of alternative projects, and so on. Green designers should consider such issues as what waste is likely to be generated in the manufacturing process, what possible substitutes for toxic components, how to manage waste products, what impact the design has on product recyclability, and how the parts' materials will affect the environment. How does the user use the product?

In addition to the basic goals of traditional design, there are two goals that green design is concerned with: first, to prevent the generation of waste that affects the environment; second, to have good material management. In other words, to avoid the generation of waste, use remanufacturing technology or waste management methods to coordinate product design so that parts or materials are recovered and reused with the highest added value when the product reaches its life cycle.

Green design usually has three main phases, namely: 1 tracking material flow, determining the balance between material input and output; 2 allocating environmental costs to specific products or product categories and determining the corresponding product value; 3 systematically designing the process Research instead of focusing on the product itself. Considering the overall quality of the product, designers should not only design the product based on physical goals, but should instead rely on the services or damage that the product provides to the user.

It can be seen that the fundamental difference between green design and traditional design is that green design requires designers to reduce energy consumption, facilitate disassembly, reuse and protect the ecological environment, and ensure product performance, quality, longevity, and cost at the design and concept stage. The requirements are listed as equal design goals and ensure smooth implementation in the production process.

2. Design methods for green products

Through the above analysis, we can see that green design involves the contents of many disciplines such as mechanical manufacturing, materials science, management, sociology, and environmental science, and it has strong multidisciplinary characteristics. Obviously, one of the existing design methods alone is difficult to adapt to the requirements of green design. Green design is an integrated design that integrates design method integration and design process. Therefore, green design is a developing system design method that integrates object-oriented technology, concurrent engineering, and life cycle design. It is a design system that integrates the quality, function, life, and environment of a product. Green product design adopts a parallel closed-loop design process and is a concrete embodiment of the idea of ​​sustainable development. Figure 3-28 shows the system block diagram of the green product design. Green product design should focus on the entire life cycle of the product, and should not focus on a certain stage, a certain link or a certain department.


The main contents and key technologies of green design

The main contents of green design include: 1 Description and modeling of green products; 2 Material selection and management of green design; 3 Design of detachability of products; 4 Design of product recyclability; 5 Cost analysis of green products; 6 Green Design database and so on.

1. Description and Modeling of Green Products

Accurately and comprehensively describing green products and establishing systematic green product evaluation models are the key to green design. For example, with respect to refrigerator products, the evaluation index system for green products and the principles for the development of evaluation standards have been proposed. The “greenness level” of refrigerators has been evaluated using a fuzzy evaluation method, and corresponding evaluation tools have been developed.

2. Material selection and management of green design

Green design requires product designers to change traditional materials selection procedures and procedures. When selecting materials, it is necessary not only to consider the conditions of use and performance of the products, but also to consider environmental constraints and to understand the impact of materials on the environment, and to use non-toxic, non-polluting materials. Easy to recycle, reusable, easily degradable materials. The requirements of green design for materials also pose new challenges for the development of materials science, namely the ability to provide or produce green materials suitable for the design of green products. In addition to rational material selection, material management should also be strengthened. The material management of green product design includes two aspects: on the one hand, it is not possible to mix materials containing harmful ingredients and harmless ingredients together; on the other hand, products that reach the life cycle must be fully recycled for useful parts, and the unavailable parts should be The use of certain processing methods to deal with, so that its impact on the environment is reduced to a minimum.

3. Product Recyclability Design

Recyclability design refers to a series of problems related to recycling, such as the possibility of recovery of part materials, size of recycling, recycling methods, recycling process structure, etc., in the initial stage of product design. The greatest use of energy, and the design ideas and methods that minimize environmental pollution. Recyclability design includes the following aspects: 1 Recyclable materials and their logos; 2 Recyclable processes and methods; 3 Economic evaluation of recyclability; 4 Recyclable structural design.

4. Product detachability design

Modern electromechanical products often use a variety of different materials, so its dismantling has become the main focus of the current green design research. Because it can not be dismantled, it will not only result in the waste of a large amount of reusable parts and materials, but also cause serious pollution to the environment due to bad disposal of waste. Dismantling plays an important role in the healthy development of modern production and has become an important part of mechanical design. Removability is one of the main contents of the green product design. It requires that the detachability be taken as an evaluation criterion for structural design at the initial stage of product design, so that the designed structure can be easily disassembled and maintained, and after the product is scrapped. Reusable parts can be fully and effectively recovered and reused to achieve the purpose of saving resources and energy and protecting the environment. Detachability requires changing the traditional connection method in the design of the product structure and replacing it with an easy-to-remove connection method. There are two types of detachable structural designs: one is the "case" method based on a mature structure; the other is a computer-based visual design method. Through the National Natural Science Foundation "Research on the Theory and Method of Green Product Design for Disassembly," the author has proposed the system's evaluation index system, evaluation method, demolition structure design criteria, and developed the corresponding evaluation software.

5. Cost Analysis of Green Products

The cost analysis of green products is different from the traditional cost analysis. In the initial stage of product design, we must consider the performance of product recycling, reuse, etc., so the cost analysis elbow, we must consider the replacement of pollutants, product disassembly, recycling costs, and the corresponding environmental costs of special products. For enterprises, whether to spend environmental protection costs will also result in differences in product costs; the same environmental projects, the actual costs between countries or regions will also create differences in the cost of the company. Therefore, a green product cost analysis should be carried out during each design decision so that the designed product has a high “green degree” and low overall costs.

6. Green Design Database

The green design database is a large and complex database. The database plays an important role in the design process of green products. It should include all data related to the environment, economy, etc. in the product life cycle, such as the material composition, the impact of various materials on the environment, the natural degradation cycle of the material, the artificial degradation time, and the cost, during manufacturing, assembly, sales, and use. The number of add-ons generated and the impact on the environment, various criteria for environmental assessment criteria, etc.

It can be seen that the key technologies of green design include the following aspects:

1) Research on evaluation systems and methods for green products;
2) The establishment of a green design model;
3) Collection and arrangement of green design data and establishment of databases;
4) Systematic research of green design method and establishment of knowledge base

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