In the field of ancient Chinese furniture research, people used to refer to the furniture styles of the Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty collectively as the Song and Yuan styles. In fact, as long as careful observation, we can easily find that the Yuan Dynasty furniture and the Song Dynasty furniture have obvious differences in style.
The ancient Chinese society has experienced the prosperity of the Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty's saga, the five generations of war, and the Song Dynasty, has entered a stage of rational thinking. In the face of the natural environment that has been deteriorating by previous prosperity and war, and the deep memory of the internal chaos, the Song people chose the Taoism and the theory of Confucianism that respects nature and advocates order.
The Song Renqian repair code, trying to figure out the clues in all aspects. For example, in the field of natural sciences, "Tiangong Kaiwu" was summarized, and "Building French" was formulated in architecture, and so on. In short, the calm Song people pursued order and law in the process of creation. What you appreciate is a neat and standardized beauty.
Therefore, in addition to the influence of the separation of the towns in the Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty furniture still partially retains the thick curve style of the Tang Dynasty. Most of the Song Dynasty furniture presents an extremely simple structure and extremely elegant. Deco. Most of the degree of simplicity has reached the point of no reduction, reduction or destruction, thus reflecting the Song people's concept of being simple and beautiful.
Most of the furniture in the Song Dynasty was made up of straight parts. The appearance is pretty straight. Between these linear components, the rigorous scale position deliberately deliberately forms a beautiful proportion, achieving an inner and aesthetic effect. Especially the furniture of the Southern Song Dynasty was influenced by the bamboo culture of the South. Often the cross-section dimensions of the components are extremely small, and the overall proportion is beautiful, elegant and delicate.
Simple, neat, elegant, and delicate, is the main style of furniture in the Song Dynasty, but too much normative and conservative consciousness restricts the development of furniture in the Song Dynasty, making it seem more rational and less enthusiastic.
Different from the Song Dynasty society, the Da Yuan Empire created by the unconstrained Mongolian people has a vast territory and a strong national territory. The integration of numerous national cultures and developed land and sea transportation trade has promoted the development of various handicraft industries.
In particular, the Mongolian aristocrats who are in the upper class of the Yuan Dynasty are bound to bring their inherent aesthetic tastes to various fields. Nomadic culture has always been a good way to unleash the innocent lifestyle and the complex and colorful visual experience. These social backgrounds and cultural concepts that are different from the Song Dynasty are bound to have an impact and improvement on Song style furniture. In addition, due to the proximity between the region and the nation. In the Yuan Dynasty, more furniture inherited the style of Liaojin furniture. And there is a more mature development.
Yuan Dynasty furniture generally has the following characteristics:
First, the maturity and wide application of Luoguoyu
On the mural paintings of the Guangsheng Temple in Hongdong, Shanxi, there is a table with a high arched Luopanyu. The image is mature and twirling. This is an earlier record of the image of Luo Huo in history.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the four food tables unearthed from the Zhulu Tomb of Shandong Luwang were also equipped with mature and beautiful Luoguoyu with a corner of the corner. This is also the evidence that the Yuan Dynasty once popularized the big pot.
Such a twisted scorpion is extremely difficult to see on Song and Liao furniture. Only in the Jin Dynasty Cheng'an three years Shanxi Xiaoyi tomb wall carving children's bed, see the two parallel arched members, the image is quite similar to the Luopanyu, but its position and arrangement is more like the bed under the dwarf Tricks.
In the brick murals of the Houma Dongming tomb in Shanxi in the late Jin Dynasty, a curved leg provided a curved part between the two legs. The position was lower, the ends were carved, and the bending was excessive, not like a supporting part. A carved decoration. The image of the above two kinds of Jin Dynasty. Whether it can be regarded as the prototype of the Luopanyu. It is for further discussion.
In some of the illustrations in the Yuan magazine "Lin Lin Guang Ji", we can clearly see the casual and comfortable sitting posture of the Yuan Ren, whether on the bed or in the chair. In order to adapt to the more comfortable use of people, it is a creative contribution of the Yuan Dynasty people to the comfort and applicability of Chinese furniture.
Second, the appearance of the leg-legged table and the overlord
In the "Summer Chart" painted by Yuan Ren, there is a high table like a long table leg. A curved structure is hidden under the legs. Its image is very similar to the popular king of the Ming Dynasty. Can we understand this: The Yuan people will transform the popular low table on the grassland into a high table suitable for the settlement of the Central Plains. At the same time, it can still be disassembled and assembled, which is easy to carry or use on the raft. Interestingly, this kind of cellar high and low, detachable leg-legged table was popular in the early Qing Dynasty. However, many of these tables of later generations have evolved into a style of "one piece of wood". Losing the function of the former detachable combination, only recording the history of the next national integration.
Here is used to support the crossbody of the live leg. It is bound to develop into a tyrant of the general table. Because it is more subtle and beautiful than any other straight or curved, it is convenient.
Third, like to use curve modeling
Yuan Dynasty furniture likes to use curve shape. It is often used in the leg and foot parts and the dental plate parts, so that the overall furniture is round and tortuous. Such as: the curved leg drawer table in the mural of the Yukou Yuan Tomb in the northwest of the mountain; the square table of the drums and legs of the Yuan Datong Feng Daozhen tomb mural; the throne seat chair and the small table used by the Jinmu in the mural of the Yuan Yongle Palace All give people a curvaceous beauty.
Fourth, a large number of applications of the corner line
The corner line is occasionally used in the furniture of the Song Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was popularized by the people who liked the twists and turns. In particular, various opening patterns are formed by a corner line. Not only a large number of applications in the porcelain, but also widely used in various parts of the furniture.
In the present Jingdong area near the ancient capital of the ancient capital, it is common to have a table of the Yuan Dynasty style of the horns and a cabinet decorated with the opening of the horns. It seems to be regarded as the legacy of the Yuan Dynasty.
Five, the prevalence of cloud head bead pattern
This kind of pattern was first seen in the Lhasa Buddha. After entering the yuan, it is popular for a while, and it can be seen everywhere. For example, in the Beihai Yuan Dynasty, the iron shadow wall seat foot, the Yuan Dynasty prints "Yuan Wu Zen quotation" seat and pedal, Shanxi Xinghua Temple Yuan Dynasty mural "Seven Buddhas" Buddhism Tuen Mun and Yuyuan Yuan Dynasty Iron Lions four feet There are so many to mention.
For thousands of years, the nation on the grassland has poured infinite emotions into the ever-changing blue sky and white clouds that have been on the day. The careful observation and romantic imagination of generations have created a variety of cloud head patterns. It can be said that there is no mission in the world, and the Mongolian people are so emotional to the clouds. This point can be confirmed by the yurts, Mongolian knives, Mongolian boots and other grassland equipment.
Sixth, larger physical scale
According to the inspection, all the handed down furniture with a more obvious style of the Yuan Dynasty tends to have a larger volume and more exaggerated styles.
We know that people from different regions have different senses of volume and scale. For those who have been in the grasslands, the sense of scale is of course much larger than that of people living in the courtyard.
At the same time, there is also the support of the strong national expansionary spirit, which makes the furniture with Yuan Dynasty style have a thick and full body. On this point, we can also have a large scale in Yuandadu and a large carcass of Yuanqinghua porcelain. Get an impression on it.
Yuan Dynasty engraving style
Seven, the magnificent carving style
The carvings on the furniture of the Yuan Dynasty tend to be full of composition, vivid in image and powerful in knife. Commonly used thick materials made of high-relief animal flowers embedded in the frame, giving people the dynamic and strength of the convex and concave.
Summarizing the above, we have the impression that the furniture of the Yuan Dynasty is thick and heavy, the shape is full and varied, and the carvings are complicated. The clouds are used to decorate the heads, the beads, the horns, etc. Style and other varieties. In general, it gives people a sense of grandness, unrestrainedness, vividness and richness. These are different from the furniture of the Song Dynasty.
Due to the short history of the Yuan Dynasty, there is very little information about the furniture of the Yuan Dynasty, which has caused certain difficulties for research. The article borrowed some materials from the early Ming Dynasty to discuss. It should be noted that the aforementioned handed down furniture with Yuan Dynasty style is not necessarily the Yuan Dynasty product. Because in the history of a furniture style, it will continue for a long time, just as Ming furniture is not necessarily made in the Ming Dynasty. But the style image it carries can provide a lot of useful information for our research.
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