According to archaeological excavations, glassware was first discovered in the two river basins around 1600 BC, where Assyrians discovered how to make glass. 1 Later, Egypt also began producing similar vessels. At that time, Western ancient glass manufacturing technology was very popular in Europe and the Mediterranean coast. The glass industry of the Roman Empire was very prosperous. It invented the blowing method, the cut glass and the engraved glass. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the glass manufacturing center began to shift eastward, affecting the prosperity of the glass industry in Sassanian Persian and Islamic. In the early days of the Roman Empire, before the popularization of the blowing technology, glassware was a luxury. It was difficult to popularize in the private sector. After the blowing process, glass became the most popular daily necessities for popular taste, like the porcelain of our country. It was a big day. Use craft products.
In ancient China, glass was known as "Chen Lin", "Liu Li", and "Liu Li". From the Northern and Southern Dynasties, glass was also known as "Qu Li". China's glass production technology has its own origin, which has been confirmed by a large number of archaeological materials in recent years. According to archaeological excavation materials, it was confirmed that during the Western Zhou period more than 3,100 years ago, our ancestors began to master glass-making techniques. This technique has a close relationship with bronze smelting and alchemy. In the process of refining copper and firing pottery, useless by-products like small glass beads are produced. These beads look beautiful and are often used as jewelry. For example, in the Han Dynasty Yuefu, there was a simple and touching folk song called “Mo Shang Sang,†which was used to describe the straight and beautiful beauty of the Tibetan girl Qin Luo Shi: “Here is your head and your eyes are bright moon.†The “moon beads†that pierce the earrings are glass.
   In the early Western Zhou tombs in Luoyang, Henan and Baoji, Shaanxi, a large number of glass tubes and glass beads were found. The Chinese and foreign experts used modern spectral identification to find that: The ancient Chinese glass is mainly made of lead bismuth and has a low firing temperature. Although it is colorful and crystal clear, it is fragile, has poor transparency, and is not suitable for quenching and rapid heating. It is only suitable for processing into various components. Decorations, rituals, and funerary objects are therefore of limited use and slow development. The chemical composition of glassware unearthed in ancient Egypt and the Mediterranean coast is mainly sodium-calcium, which overcomes the weak point of “lead-berylled glassâ€, has better temperature resistance, and is more adaptable to quenching and sudden heat. Therefore, the use and production of this ancient glass is much larger than that of Chinese ancient glass. China's "lead-strontium glass" and the western "soda-lime glass" are separated into two different glass systems, which are independently manufactured using a special raw material, which negates the argument that "China is outside the glass". 2 However, compared with the western ancient glass, the origin and application are inferior to ceramics, bronzes, and jade tools, and the use of glassware is narrow and underdeveloped.
   During the Han Dynasty, glassware evolved from ornaments into ritual vessels, vessels, and funerary objects. It also prevailed in imitating jade and partially replaced jade. The recently broadcast drama “Hanwu Emperor†provided an intuitive image of our understanding of people’s lifestyles in China more than 2,000 years ago. The ear cups of drinking water used by Dou’s Queen Mother and the beautiful dressing boxes of Queen Wang left us A deep impression. In the same period as the ancient Romans, the palace’s daily necessities and food items were dominated by lacquerware. At that time, the painted cups used in the courts were as luxurious and valuable as the glass used by the Romans.
   In the history of mankind, the discovery and use of natural lacquer is the original creation of the Chinese. Archeological findings prove that as early as 6,000 years ago in the era of Hemudu culture, our ancestors had been able to manufacture paint bowls. In the age of Shang Dynasty, not only had various pigments been blended in the lacquer solution, but also the practice of pasting gold foil and sapphire on lacquerware had occurred, making lacquerware production technology increasingly sophisticated. Because lacquerware has many excellent qualities, such as light weight, strong, acid-resistant, heat-resistant, and anti-corrosion, and such living utensils are wooden tires, it can be used to describe geometric moire, deformed bird pattern and dragon grain, etc. using Zhu, Hei, and Gray-green paints. It is not only durable but also can be retrofitted with decorative designs. As a result, bronze vessels have gradually been replaced in many areas of life. They are widely used. From furniture, musical instruments, containers, burial devices, weapons, and playthings, to the Qin and Han Dynasties, the quantity of manufacturing is greatly increased.
   Changsha Mawangdui lacquerware and 3 Tomb unearthed more than 500 pieces, some of the unearthed lacquer, buried underground for two thousand years, still as good as new, visible lacquer of the peculiar features. The lacquer craft popularized China in the middle Western Han Dynasty and achieved unprecedented development. After the Jin Dynasty, with the maturity of celadon technology, it was natural that lacquer ware was placed on porcelain in many occasions. Since lacquer trees only grow in China, lacquerware art was still unique to China until the sixth century AD.
With the increasing development of water transportation and the continuous prosperity of the Silk Road, Western glass products pass through the Western Regions ( now Xinjiang ) to people in China. In Hanshigezhizhi, there is a record of Han Wudi's introduction of glass into the sea. In China's Han Dynasty tombs were unearthed with Roman glass containers, such as the long-necked glass bottles unearthed in the Eastern Han Dynasty Tombs in the eastern suburbs of Luoyang, which wrap milky white lines in dark brown, orange, indigo and dark purple irregular colors. The glittering golden luster, mottled and gorgeous, is very beautiful. It is a typical Roman stirring glassware. It is blown into shape and is the historical witness of the early economic and cultural exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the West. However, in the bottle unearthed in Luoyang, the Romans used to perfume. In China, long-term use of incense burners incense, can be seen in different customs of the two countries.
   When will the Western ancient glass and its manufacturing technology be introduced into China? According to "Northern History" and "Wei Shu," the Da Yueshi merchants came to Dawei, Capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty to teach the technique of burning glass. This is the earliest record of foreigners teaching glass production techniques in China. In addition to the introduction of glass production technology, a large number of Western glassware were imported into the country via the Silk Road. After the glass products were introduced to China, the technology for manufacturing "soda-lime glass" was subsequently introduced into China. Around the Northern Wei Dynasty, China had mastered glass-blowing techniques and could blow large, thin-walled glass containers. After the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, we all continued to learn from and learn from Western glass-making techniques, reflecting the mutual exchanges between Chinese and foreign scientific culture.
references:
1: (British) Brown Series Book Company: Ancient Civilization, 76 pages. (U.S.) Glorie Education Press, translated by Lao An, published by Shandong Pictorial Publishing House, 2003 , first edition.
â‘¡: Wang Xinxi: "China Glass own", "the history of Grand View Garden", the history of Grand View Garden magazine published on 7 July 1, 1990. No. 61 issue.
Zhejiang Lamon Technology Inc. , https://www.chairesbaby.com