RFID, radio frequency identification technology, since its theoretical foundation was laid in the mid-20th century, has been continuously enriched and improved with the advancement of science and technology. From the beginning of this century, RFID products, such as single-chip electronic tags, multi-functional electronic tags, wireless readable and writable, remote identification of passive electronic tags, and RF1D adapted to high-speed moving objects are becoming a reality, developed in foreign countries It has gradually been widely used in the country. Moreover, the advantages of multi-function electronic tags based on RFID technology in the packaging field are obvious. RFID can quickly and easily obtain information about products, places, times, and transactions in an automated manner. Without touching, seeing the target, even if the item is firmly packed or the environment is uncomfortable, it will not affect its identification function. This is a major feature of RFID that is different from barcodes. In addition, RFID is not just a code, it can read and write data, can store data in the processing system, and can connect it to a PC or PLC network. RFID can improve data quality, cargo management, and persistent storage of data. The use of RFID in the supply chain can improve management and strengthen terminal-to-terminal connections. The operation of RFID does not require manual intervention. It operates wirelessly and has read and write functions. It will also be a revolution in logistics management.
RFID is a non-contact automatic identification technology. The simplest RFID system is composed of three main parts: a tag, a reader, an antenna, and a data management system. The electronic tag is composed of an antenna and an RFID chip, and each chip contains a unique identification code, which is used to represent the object attached to the electronic tag. The reader is used to read and write the information in the electronic tag. The reader communicates with other computers or systems through the network to complete the information acquisition, interpretation and data management of the electronic tag. The data management system mainly completes the storage and management of data information. It can be served by a simple small database or a large-scale ERP database management software that integrates an RFID management module.
The working principle of RFID is not complicated: after the tag enters the magnetic field, it receives the radio frequency signal from the reader, and uses the energy obtained by the induced current to send the product information stored in the chip, or actively sends a signal of a certain frequency, the reader After reading and decoding the information, it is sent to the central information system for relevant data processing.
The standard structure of RFID tags should be three layers, pressure-sensitive tissue and electronic label modules are combined together, and then a peeling layer is added. Among them, the electronic tag module contains an antenna and a chip, which is the core part of the RFID tag. RFID tags can be roughly divided into several categories: according to the different RF cards, they can be divided into readable and writable cards, read once and read out cards and read-only cards. As the name implies, the first two types of cards can read information from readers or rewrite information. The read-only card can only be read during the entire circulation process, and the information on the card cannot be rewritten.
Electronic tags can also be divided into three types: active, semi-active and passive. Active and semi-active tags have radio frequency energy, which has a larger recognition range and can record information from certain types of sensors. Passive tags obtain energy from the radio frequency field of the reader, which does not require integrated energy itself.
At present, electronic tags are still mainly used in the field of containers or large-packaged goods or products with high single-value products. Quality traceability and product information loading have significant advantages, and have shown strong development momentum. However, RFID technology is still not fully mature, and there are still many factors restricting its large-scale application in the field of packaging. With the rapid development of computer technology, the following factors can be improved due to the advancement of technology. This is also the focus of this article.
1 RFID system cost
The cost of RFID system has always been a key factor restricting its wide application. The cost of RFID tags and components varies depending on the technology used. For example: Compared with the writable type, the read-only type is relatively cheap; the passive type is relatively preferable to the active type. In addition, profit margins, label structure, and order size all affect label costs. At present, although the cost of RFID systems has dropped a lot, in the past 10 years, the average selling price of an RFID tag has dropped from 100 US dollars to 1 US dollar. Many RFID tag experts predict that the cost of RFID tags will drop to around 15 cents in the next 1 to 2 years and to 10 cents within 5 years. However, the electronic label itself is not the only cost to be considered, and the corresponding hardware and software investment is required to use the RFID system, which is also a huge one-time investment.
Through the improvement of integrated circuits, antennas and manufacturing processes, the assembly costs of integrated circuits, antennas and other components, as well as the cost of applying them to product packaging, will be appropriately reduced. Although, there are still many technical obstacles that need to be resolved, such as enhancing the performance of semiconductor polymers, as well as substantial improvements and improvements in printing resolution, registration accuracy, necessary isolation layers, and a clean printing environment. However, it is believed that in the near future, the production cost of RFID and its electronic tags should soon drop to a price generally acceptable to merchants.
2 Material factors
Many of the packaging products are liquid or the packaging material is metal. The liquid absorbs radio waves, and the metal reflects radio waves. This makes it difficult for RFID to track products packed with high-content liquids and products packed in metal or metal foil, which is also one of the factors restricting the application of electronic tags in the packaging field.
3 Effective range of the reader
The effective range of the reader depends largely on the frequency selected for the electronic tag. The direction of the label also affects the effective range and accuracy of the reader. When the label passes from the vertical state to the rotated and tilted state and passes through the reader, the reading range will decrease. When a single label on the conveyor belt passes within the effective reading range, the reading reliability and accuracy are very good, and the direction of multiple labels is different. The reliability of the reading of the conveyor belt cannot be guaranteed. The size of the tag and reading antenna is also an important factor, and the reading distance of the handheld reader is much lower than that of the fixed reader, so it is only suitable for short-range electronic tag reading. [next]
4 Reliability and stability of radio waves
Anyone who uses a mobile phone has experienced the unpredictability of radio waves in transmission, and the signal will become weak or interrupted, and this situation will also occur in the transmission between RFID tags and RFID readers. When the radio wave is not stable, the RFID reader will not receive the signal sent by the RFID tag, which will cause delay or loss of information. This also limits the application of RFID in the field of packaging.
5 Interaction between electronic tags
RFID tags and RFID readers rely on radio waves to transfer information to each other, but if they encounter electromagnetic waves and the influence and interference of other RFID tags and RFID readers, the information will not be accurately transmitted. Because it is very likely that different RFID systems select different frequencies, if there are RFID systems with different frequencies in the same area, their respective RFID systems will be interfered by another RFID system. This will also cause information loss and damage, so avoiding RFID system interference is also a problem that needs to be solved.
6 Electromagnetic interference
The interference of electromagnetic fields is ubiquitous, and many radio-based technologies will cause interference to RFID systems, resulting in many problems. Other factors in the environment, such as radio waves, mobile phones, local area networks, and neon lights, can cause electromagnetic interference. This kind of interference will affect the accuracy of the generation, correction and modification of the entire supply chain data in the logistics management of the packaging field. Therefore, when choosing RFID technology, especially when considering cables and other communication facilities, it is important to consider the interference of electromagnetic fields. In order to find out whether there is such interference problem, it is very necessary to implement some test measures and make corresponding solutions. [next]
7 Database management
A complete supply chain in physical management has potentially huge dynamic data and temporary data, which far exceeds the processing capabilities of current database management software. The use of RFID system will inevitably be accompanied by a large amount of new data information. So far, many suppliers have not established a special database to collect and analyze this information, and consider the next step based on the analysis, feedback to the supply chain for adjustment. Therefore, this is also a major factor limiting the scale application of RFID in the packaging field.
8 Encoding compatibility
The coding standard and communication protocol (communication interface) of RFID constitute the core of the RFID standard. At present, in the development process of RFID technology, EPC global, ISO, UID, AIM and IP-x five standard organizations have been formed, representing the interests of different groups or countries in the country. The incompatibility of these standards and the incompatibility with existing coding systems will limit the widespread use of RFID.
9 Characteristics of multiple wireless frequencies
The frequency used when RFID tags and readers work is called RFID working frequency. At present, the frequency used by RFID spans multiple frequency bands such as low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), ultra high frequency (UHF), and microwave. Each wireless frequency has its own advantages and disadvantages. The choice of RFID frequency affects the distance and speed of signal transmission, and is also restricted by the laws and regulations of various countries.
1O Data sharing and privacy
During the implementation of RFID, privacy has become a common concern. There are many people who are uneasy about their actions and buying habits being automatically tracked. They think this is a matter of personal privacy. Of course, a company that implements RFID in its supply chain management absolutely does not want its opponents to track its goods and inventory. If the public does not have a sufficient sense of security in the protection of privacy, then the implementation of RFID will encounter great resistance.
In addition, there are factors that need to be considered, such as the uniformity of RFID international standards and national standards, the protection of the company's internal information, and the printing methods and production of electronic tags.
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