Second, the relevant regulations of commodity packaging
According to relevant records, between the year 600 AD and the year 1000 AD, with the establishment of a commodity measurement system, ancient Greece had early laws and regulations on weight and measurement systems. The purpose was to protect the interests of businessmen and taxes, and at the same time, due to a large number of food products. The poisoning incident has made governments increasingly aware of the importance of formulating relevant laws and regulations. Really attaching importance to the formulation and implementation of commodity laws and regulations is the demand and promotion of the development of the industrial revolution. For example, the 1906 Act was the first US Food and Drug Act made by the U.S. government; it was later revised and supplemented in 1938. It was renamed the "Federal Food, Drugs and Cosmetics Act." Its content highlights safety requirements, not only for drugs. The use of additives in foods and cosmetics has been strictly regulated. At the same time, there have been careful regulations and requirements for the special standards, various fillers, and packaging materials for such products; by 1958, it was further formulated on the basis of subdivision. The "Food Additives Amendment" was issued in 1960 and the "Dangerous Goods Transportation Act" was formulated to clearly specify the packaging requirements for dangerous crystals during transportation. Subsequently, all relevant laws and regulations were continuously improved.
In the early days of the liberation of China, due to the underdeveloped commodity economy, there was insufficient attention to packaging issues, let alone to packaging legislation. In export goods packaging, we can only refer to relevant international packaging regulations or corresponding national regulations. In the past decade or so, China's packaging industry has witnessed rapid development. Strengthening the construction of packaging regulations has been on the agenda. The “Packaging Management Regulations†drafted by the China Packaging Association has been implemented and the “Packaging Law†has been drafted so that China’s packaging industry will gradually embark on the norm. The “Administrative Measures for the Inspection and Transportation of Export Commoditiesâ€, which was tried out in 1991, the Provisions on the Measurement of Quantitatively Packaged Commodities under the Decree No. 43 of the State Bureau of Technical Supervision on December 8, 1995, and the inspection of the transport packages of exported goods in the form of administrative regulations. Made mandatory provisions, which greatly improved the competitiveness of China's export commodities in the international market, and improved the country’s credibility.
(I) Food Packaging Safety Rules
There are many safety laws about food packaging. The relevant laws in the United States are: Food and Drug Act, Food, Drugs and Cosmetics Act. The contents of the content are "No use of unsanitary packaging," "Establish fair packaging," "Drugged containers cannot be used." Pack food" and so on. The United States passed the Fair Packaging Marking Act in 1986, which is one of the most comprehensive regulations concerning packaging. The decree was implemented and implemented by three specialized departments. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) controls packaging issues in food, medicine, and cosmetics; the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) specifically controls other consumer product packaging issues that are controlled outside the FDA; and the Department of Commerce (DOC) is responsible for packaging automation standards. The mandatory provisions of the Act must specify the production certificate, product type, and size of the product in the packaging label; the contents of the food in the container, the ingredients of the ingredients, the name and address of the seller of the manufacturer, etc.; and the unit of measurement and abbreviation of the packaging Uniform requirements, such as length units (inch, ruler, yard), weight units (gallons, pints, neils), fluid units (weight, ounces, pounds), area units (squares, cubes, constants, etc.). In the marking of the packaging, the requirements for the display surface, the requirements for the main display surface, the requirements for the contents of the main display surface, the requirements for the size of letters and numbers, and so on are also specified in detail. In addition to this, Canada also promulgated the "Consumer Packaging and Marking Act" in May 1974; the "Directive" of the European Community for harmonizing the relations between various countries' laws and regulations was mainly published in the form of a communiqué; Hong Kong Region, 1985 Adopted the "Amendment Rules for Food and Pharmaceuticals in 1985" and so on. The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and other relevant ministries also issued a series of laws and regulations concerning food utensils and packaging materials. For example, in 1965, the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China strictly prohibited the use of bowls, plates, pots, dishes, spoons, bottle caps, spoons, whistles, cigarette holders, pipes, and food containers made of phenolic resin. In 1980, the former National Bureau of Standards made a series of regulations on the hygiene management of food plastic products and raw materials. In 1982, the relevant departments also formulated detailed management standards for the use of food packaging waxes. In 1983, the “Food Hygiene Law of the People's Republic of China†was promulgated, and the food hygiene standards and management methods, food hygiene supervision, and legal responsibilities were clearly defined. In 1995, according to the development of the market, it was further revised and supplemented to make it more substantial, more complete, and more in line with the current situation.
(B) Packaging Safety Regulations
Protecting the safety of consumers is the purpose of formulating packaging safety regulations. The United States Congress enacted the Decree on Corrosive Toxins (FFA) in 1921, which is the first safety regulation in the United States. In 1953, the "Flammable Fabrics Act" was promulgated to regulate the packaging of flammable fabrics. Since then, a series of related laws and regulations have been published, such as the Federal Fungicide Ordinance (FHSA), which is supervised by the FDA; and the Toy Safety Law, which regulates toy packaging and toy materials; “Consumer goods The "Safety Act" (CPSA), which includes the contents of "prevention of toxic packaging," is very important because it was compiled in the United States' Dictionary of the Federal Code; the Prevention of Poisoning Packaging Act of 1970, The packaging has been subject to specific regulations. For example, certain pharmaceutical packaging must be equipped with a safety device. The manufacturer must make the packaging of the drug comply with the five conditions, and the drug packaging must not be easily opened (especially children's drugs). The amount of medicines to be packaged should not be enough to cause harm to children. The medicines are packaged with safety measures. Irregular packaging of medicines should be used by adults as much as possible. Packages that do not fall within the above limits should also have the necessary warning signs. The U.S. Department of Health also stipulates that the packaging of “counter-sold goods†should be protected, that is, there should be protective packaging, and there must be traces when unpacking. In recent years, all countries in the world have also attached great importance to the safety of toys. The United States stipulates that toy packaging must be marked with relevant content to ensure safety. For example, age groups, instructions for use, warning signs, and safety signs must be marked. European countries promulgated the "European Municipal Toy Safety Decree on January 1, 1991, that is, the CE safety inspection mark. At present, France, Spain, and other countries have begun to implement. Among them, France imposes the strictest enforcement of this decree, such as For the sale of toys not marked with the CE mark on the market, a fine of 2500-5000 francs shall be imposed.
(3) Safety regulations for packaging and transportation of dangerous goods
Dangerous goods are special commodities that are flammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, and radioactive. The "Dangerous Goods Transportation Act" formulated by the United States in 1960 and the "Public Regulations 89-670" formulated by the Department of Transportation (DOT) in 1966 are the regulations concerning the transport and shipment of dangerous goods. These regulations are supervised by the Bureau of Dangerous Goods Regulations. The "International Code for the Transport of Dangerous Goods at Sea" (1MDGCODE), "International Ocean Shipping Code" (SCCAS), "International Civil Aviation Organization Guide", "IBC" and so on are widely used in the current classification of dangerous goods. Strict laws and regulations. In these "International Regulations", dangerous goods are divided into: Explosives, gases, combustible gases and solids, oxidants, toxic substances, radioactive substances, corrosive substances, other lighters, fireworks, etc. The dangerous goods should be grouped by packaging, that is, according to the level of dangerous crystals, the concentration of dangerous goods contained in the number of differences, etc., for each type of dangerous goods allowed packaging containers and the maximum amount of packaging have certain provisions for the packaging containers have specific Test requirements, etc. According to the data, since the "International Maritime Dangerous Goods Transport Regulations" was enacted in 1965, it has been unanimously approved as the blueprint for the regulations on dangerous goods management in various countries in the world. At the third meeting of the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods of the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, held in July 1990, at the third meeting, it confirmed the forms of packaging such as tightly-wrapped trays, elastic windings and platters that were used in recent years, and made additional provisions. To further adapt to the needs of the current market.
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Reasonable disposal of three packaging wastes
The rational disposal of packaging waste must be comprehensively considered from the three strategic heights of energy, resources, and ecological environment protection to form a broader governance system that includes all sources of packaging waste. Figure 1-1 shows the production, reuse and disposal of packaging waste.
This governance system actually includes three aspects: one is to minimize packaging waste, the second is the pretreatment of packaging waste before discharge, and the third is the treatment of packaging waste after discharge.
(1) Rational disposal of packaging waste in the production of packaging and production and circulation of packaged goods
In order to achieve a reasonable disposal of packaging waste, in the production of packaging, during the production and distribution of packaged goods, it shall:
1. Establish a system of provincial resources, energy-efficient packaging production and packaging production and distribution, requiring that waste generated by the company be reused by enterprises in principle, and minimize the final discharge of waste. Within limits.
2. When designing and manufacturing packaging, it is necessary to consider that the packaging can be easily recycled when it is turned into waste, and no harmful substances will be generated during the processing stage.
3. The leftovers in production should be used as much as possible.
4. Try to reuse the packaging container.
5. To prevent the use of excess packaging.
(2) Rational disposal of packaging waste in the consumption of packaged goods
In order to achieve reasonable disposal of packaging waste, at the consumption stage of packaged goods should be:
1. Consumers are required to actively support the recycling of packaging waste after it is discharged, including compliance with relevant rules and regulations.
2. Requiring consumers to include waste packaging that may be reused into a waste recycling system and not to waste it as municipal waste
3. Requires increased awareness of environmental protection, changes in values, and rational packaging of provincial resources. Of course, if the consumer does not purchase because of the ease of packaging, this kind of packaging is not a reasonable package.
(III) Treatment after discharge of packaging waste
In order to achieve the proper disposal of packaging waste, it is necessary to:
1. It is required to establish a reasonable collection system that can be accepted by residents and workers and meet local recycling conditions.
2. It is required to maintain environmental sanitation through effective collection and transportation, and strive to save energy consumption for transportation.
3. In the incineration process, secondary pollution should be prevented as much as possible and the reuse of waste should be promoted.
4. For the final waste that must be landfilled, its quantity and volume should be minimized, made harmless, and the environment around the treatment site should be protected.
In the packaging industry, emphasis is placed on reducing the amount of waste discharged from waste sources. In general, the effective utilization of waste paper and scrap metal can reach a high level, which can reach more than 80%. As for the commodity consumption stage, it is necessary to organize the recycling of packaging waste, such as corrugated paper, cartons, metal cans, glass bottles, certain plastics, etc., so that they should be reconverted into resources.
In the middle process of collecting and transporting waste, it is often possible to reuse the waste by means of classified collection. This approach requires a high degree of cooperation among households, which can greatly reduce the technical and economic burdens of the intermediate processing. Of course, the form of work for professionals working on collecting work will also be complicated. Generally speaking, the cost of collecting and transporting waste accounts for more than 75% of the total cost of processing waste.
Sometimes in intermediate processing waste, it often goes through two stages: one is pretreatment, including crushing, sorting, distinguishing iron, glass, non-ferrous metal, paper, plastic, etc., recovering a part of materials from here, and secondly, transforming processing. That is, the part that cannot be recycled is converted into energy or other uses. Packaging waste is the main component of energy converted from urban waste: steam is generated by incineration, or steam is used to generate electricity, heat, and hot water. In other ways, packaging waste can be made into pyrolysis fuel gas, oil, carbon black, or used as waste to sinter construction materials.
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