Investigation on the Status Quo of Printing Talents in the United States, Britain, Germany and France

First, the United States 1, the relevant education system, the United States and Japan, as the implementation of 6 3. 3 school education, to give the people equal access to education.
• In addition to general school education, professional skills training institutions are also set up to provide vocational training for job seekers, job changers and reemployers.
• The U.S. government is aware of the low international competitiveness and low quality of labor in the domestic manufacturing industry. Since 1991, it has started to pay attention to vocational education and took the lead in the printing industry. In the meantime, the "Print ED" vocational training course of the United States Printing Industry Association (PIA) was officially certified.
• U.S. companies support vocational training institutions by way of investment. The public corporations headed by consortiums have solved their problems and provided financial support to school education, teacher training in the printing industry, management personnel training, and technology development and research activities.
2. Related University Education Status • There are about 120 universities that have the skills to develop printing skills, technology, and printing industry management skills. In addition to schools that have related courses, there are more than 400 schools nationwide that are engaged in the training of printing professionals.
• Universities that focus on technology are Rochester University, California Polytechnic University, Western Michigan University, and University of Wisconsin.
· Universities that aim to cultivate managers in the printing industry include Canelli Meron University, New York University, La Rossi University, and Cremonson University.
II. UK 1. Related education system · Rather than being a school system, the pillars that constitute the UK’s vocational education system are better known as the qualification system (National Vocational Qualifications/NVQ) and the review of planning, operations, and management related to qualifications. System (All England Vocational Qualifications Council/NCVQ).
No matter if it is a low-level site management job or a higher-level business management job, employees must first obtain qualifications before they can take up posts. This is the core link of the UK employment system.
• The necessary condition for employment is to obtain qualification certification, and the organization that implements the qualification certification is determined or designated by NCVQ.
NVQ certification only focuses on "qualified". Regardless of the age, education, work experience, etc. of the subject, the applicant can freely choose the period of study, the method of study, the place and the specific time, and so on.
2. Related personnel training institutions The British Printing Industry Association (BPIF) is the professional qualification certification body in the field of printing certified by NCVQ. Moreover, as a vocational training institution, the federation has obtained the “A” grade certification issued by the British Ministry of Labor and has become one of the most important players in the training of print talent in the UK.
· BPIF is responsible for guiding the teaching of printing universities and technical colleges in the UK. In 1993, the British Skills Training Center (NPSC) was founded.
In summary, the British printing industry formed a printing talent training network centered on BPIF under the background of the qualification system.
III. Germany 1. Related training system · The apprenticeship system that has been implemented for a long time has complicated the framework of vocational education.
• The biggest feature of the apprenticeship system is that “the training of professional skill learners is a dual system (or a dual system) composed of a combination of intra-enterprise education and school education.” Now, in addition to the above-mentioned school education combined with in-house education, a full-time vocational school has emerged.
· In the company, skilled workers are employed as masters and apprentices as apprentices to teach skills in this way. The duration of the apprenticeship is in principle set at 3 years (differing depending on the final academic level). After the expiry of the apprenticeship, the exam may be qualified as a technician.
·A skilled worker can obtain the examination qualification after having certain working experience. If the exam is qualified, he can be promoted to a skilled worker, etc., and have the opportunity to transfer the arts both inside and outside the company.
2. Situation of Printing Personnel Training Organizations • There are about 16 personnel training institutions outside the country, which are affiliated to various states, government agencies, business associations, and the German Printing Industry Federation (BVD).
• The training of engineers is mainly conducted in specialized universities and comprehensive universities, with two and three each.
• Enterprises that carry out vocational education must first obtain the approval of the Federal Council of Germany and carry out the guidelines of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
· In the state as a unit, some seminars and other activities are organized by print-related groups to facilitate exchanges between teachers in vocational schools and masters in enterprises.
Fourth, France 1, relevant training system · Practical skills training in the company combined with school education is considered as a corporate social obligation. The government protects the company through the so-called “occupation tax” (apprentice tax, lifetime education tax). The implementation of vocational education.
· Vocational training institutions are well-developed, and citizens can enjoy good opportunities for education throughout their lives.
• Vocational training institutions serving the printing industry are relatively complete. There are about 15 vocational training institutions from Paris to the region.
· The Vocational Training School under the Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry provides practical training with the latest equipment it has.
2. Personnel training measures adopted by the printing industry • With the view of “professional training of professional talents”, a set of certification procedures with the characteristics of the printing industry has been formulated and implemented and used for school education.
• The above certification system is mainly aimed at the senior high school graduates, but it also extends to the university and graduate level.
· Teachers of vocational ability training schools are assigned to the company’s production site for practice and charging for a period of time every two years. In addition, the renewal of equipment and machinery of educational institutions, the introduction of new production lines, etc., are all based on donations from companies.
• Standing liaison between school and business. The liaison personnel accurately grasp the needs of the enterprise and the requirements of employing personnel, and established a bridge of communication between the personnel training institution and the employer.