In the editing and typesetting of books and magazines, non-technical books and periodicals (this article refers to the political theory, philosophy, history, geography, literature, art, children, tools, etc.) are relative to science and technology books and periodicals (including primary and secondary school students' classrooms and tutoring classes. In terms of mathematics and chemistry books, colleges and secondary school science books, etc.), the layout of political books, literature, and reference books, etc., regardless of format, content, etc. will be very simple, but this does not mean The typesetting of these books and magazines will certainly be very easy, as long as you arrange them at will. In fact, these books and magazines are much simpler in terms of formulas, diagrams, professional symbols, units and diplomacy, and italics, compared with science and technology books and periodicals. However, the layout of these books and publications often requires various forms, lively layouts, and elegant appearance. For tools (such as dictionaries, dictionaries, etc.), the error rate is almost equal to zero (at least the larger error rate should be equal to zero), and the format must be standardized and unified. The use of words and words must be very standard and correct. Therefore, the layout of these books is not very easy and casual. However, in the current printing of books and periodicals, the error rate of non-technical books and periodicals is often relatively high. This may be due to the printing units not paying enough attention to the editing and typesetting of non-technical books and magazines. On the other hand, non-science and technology books may be more popularized. People are exposed more often and therefore have more problems to discover. In addition,
The non-technical books and publications will involve many reasons such as the use of traditional Chinese characters, variant characters, local dialects, etc. Therefore, this has to attract the attention of print publishers.
I. The texts of simplified Chinese characters and local dialects
Non-science and technology books and periodicals (especially history, geography, local biographies, and other types of books and periodicals) will encounter many traditional, foreign, and local dialects when they are published. For traditional characters and some variant characters, in principle, the State Council should revise the State Council's linguistic and linguistic work council in 1986 to revoke the "second Chinese character simplified program (draft)" and to correct the use of social word confusion," the notice The spirit, that is, “we should be cautious about the simplification of Chinese characters, so that the shape of Chinese characters will remain relatively stable for a period of time in order to facilitate social applications. At present, the society is abusing traditional characters, inventing simplified characters, casually writing typos, and using word confusion everywhere. The State Council has instructed the National Language Work Council to work together with relevant departments to study and formulate word management methods in various aspects as soon as possible so as to gradually eliminate the anomalies in the use of social word confusion.†The use of irregular characters should be corrected. The current language in China is based on the simplified characters prescribed in the “Joint Circular on Simplified Characters†published by the Chinese Character Reform Commission, the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China in 19643. However, in some historical, geographical, or classical literature, when some fonts of ancient Chinese (especially names and place names) and local dialects are often involved, there will be some variants and simplified Chinese characters that have been stipulated by certain countries to stop using them. , such as "■,
■, ■, ■, etc. There are also some local dialects, such as “■, ■, ■†in the Fuzhou dialect. Since these words relate to names, place names, and local features, some countries have Simplification, but some authors and editorial departments still have to keep traditional, in order to maintain their original characteristics, so that in the same book there is a problem of traditional and simplified coexistence, in fact, for ancient characters, place names, etc. The scribble of the book can basically be said to be unnecessary because it is written in many authoritative books and periodicals.
In the reference book, the simplified characters have long been simplified according to the standard of the simplified character of the state, or even renamed because of the relatively remoteness of the word, such as Yixian County (now known as Aihui County) and Suichuan County (present-day). Has been rewritten as Wuchuan County), Bi (now writing has risen, and the word has been set to stop using the variant characters) and so on. In addition, the State’s “Regulations on the Use of Geographical Names†in 1987 clearly stipulated that:
According to the Notice of the State Council Approved by the National Language and Text Work Committee on Repealing the Second Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (Draft) and Requests for Correcting the Chaos in Social Use, and the “Regulations on Geographical Names Management†promulgated by the State Council in January 1986 In the spirit of the two documents, the following words shall be used for the names of geographical names: (1) Various types of geographical names, including names of physical geographical entities, names of administrative divisions, names of residential areas, stations, stations, ports, and ports with meanings of place names used by professional departments. Field names, etc. shall be written according to the standardized Chinese characters determined by the State.
Do not use self-made characters, simplified traditional characters and eliminated variants. The Chinese characters of place names are based on the “Printed General Chinese Character Forms†issued jointly by the Ministry of Culture and the Chinese Language Reform Commission in 1965. (2) The translation and writing of the Chinese characters of geographical names of ethnic minorities and foreign geographical names shall be translated and written in accordance with the relevant regulations formulated by the China Geographical Names Committee and shall be standardized. (3) China's place names spelled in Hanyu Pinyin letters, and the “Chinese Pinyin Program†announced by the state as a unified standard. The Chinese place names and minority language names written in Chinese characters,
It was spelled according to the "Chinese Place Names Hanyu Pinyin Letters Spelling Rules (Chinese Placename Part)" jointly issued by the China Geographical Names Committee, the Chinese Character Reform Committee, and the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping.
The spelling of geographical names in ethnic minority languages ​​such as Mongolian, Uyghur, and Tibetan is in principle spelled according to the “Transliteration of Chinese Phonetic Alphabets of Minority Minorities†revised by the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping and the Chinese Committee for Reform of Letters in 1976. (4) When official names, documents, books, newspapers, newspapers, signs, etc., are used in place names, they shall be subject to the standard place names approved by various levels of government.
Therefore, in some of our books and magazines we still continue to retain traditionalism. It seems to be an extraordinarily powerful move. However, this is mostly the request of the author. As a typeetter, it is not authorized by the customer and there is no power to amend it. Therefore, it is only possible to explain to the authors and editors whether or not they have been changed to simplified characters, or they can be marked at the first appearance of the book to indicate that the traditional characters have been changed to simplified characters. In addition, some authors have even written their traditional characters into non-trivial, self-made characters such as â– (Traditional Chinese â– , â– , Simplified Chinese), â– (Traditional Strength â– , Simplified). For note), etc. Although computers are now a simple matter for making new characters, creating such words at random will inevitably increase the number of alien and self-made characters and bring unnecessary trouble to the entire language work. Added new confusion. Therefore, we can arrange the personnel to take out the basis of authenticity and authority, explain the patient to the authors, etc., and try to make them use the simplified Chinese characters. For individual words in dialects, it may be advisable to mark them at the beginning of the book (the simplified words should be used as much as possible). such,
When the reader meets again, he will understand.
Second, the use of numbers
The use of numbers in non-technical books and periodicals should be based on the year 1987 (National Language and Literary Works Committee, National Publications Bureau, National Bureau of Standards, National Bureau of Weights and Measures, Secretary of the State Council Secretariat, Bureau of Information of the Central Propaganda Department, Publication Bureau of the Central Propaganda Department). And other units) announce the implementation of the prescribed standards, and the specific provisions are as follows:
1. General principle
Arabic numerals should be used where Arabic numerals can be used and where they are decent. In special circumstances, it can be flexible, but it should strive to maintain a relatively uniform. The rearrangement of ancient books and the publication of books and periodicals are still based on the traditional style.
2. Two main situations where Arabic numerals should be used
(1) The Gregorian century, the age, the year, the month, the day, and the time. For example: 8th century BC, 20th century 80
Years, 440 BC, 7 AD, October 1, 1986, 4:20, 4:3, and 3 PM, Qu Yuan (about 340 BC – 278 BC), Yang Xiong (53 BC) In 18 AD, Lu Xun (1881.9.25~1936.10.19). At this time, we must pay attention to: 1 year can not be abbreviated, such as 1980 can not write 80 years, 1950 to 1980 can not write 1950 to 80 years. Use Chinese characters for 2 weeks, like Saturday. 3 Chinese characters used in the historical records of the Chinese calendar of the Xia and Qing dynasties, such as the beginning of the fifth month of the lunar month, the fifth day of the fifth year of the Bing Dynasty, the forty-four years of the Qin Wengong (722 BC), and the second day of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom on September 24 ( Qing Xianfeng, September 20, 1960 AD. 4 Arabic numerals were used in the years of the Chinese national year and the Japanese year, such as 38 years (1949) and 1616 (1941) years of the Republic of China.
(2) Counting and measurement (including positive and negative integers, fractions, decimals, percentages, divisors, etc.). For example: 41 302, -125.03, 1/16, 1/1000, 4.5 times, 34.05%, 4.5 inches, 3~~1, 17.368 million kilometers, 4,000 kilograms, 125,000 square meters, 21. 35 yuan, 456,000 yuan, 270 dollars, 48 ​​years, 10 months, -17°C, 59 amps,
123°50′E, vitamin B～～12,500 kinds, more than 600,000 kilograms, HP-3000 type computers, 21/22 special express trains, national standards GB2312-80, 84602 troops. It should be noted at this time: 1 The form of a numerical value should take care of the context. Not a single digit (one, two, ... nine) that appears in a set of scientifically-econometric and statistically significant figures can use Chinese characters such as one person, three books, four products, six opinions, and read nine times. 24 digits and more than 4 digits adopt the internationally accepted three-point division method.
The position of the space between the festival and the festival is half an Arabic number (ie, 1/4 empty Chinese characters). (Note that these spaces will split a complete number into two if they are in a switch position. Therefore, the typesetting and proofreading should be special. Note that these numbers cannot be split into two rows, which can be framed by a box during layout. Non-science and technology books and periodicals can now be divided into sections. However, the method of subsection with thousands of "" and "" signs does not conform to international standards and national standards and should be abolished. For numbers with more than 35 digits and more than zero mantissa, it can be rewritten as a number in units of ten thousand and one hundred million. Under normal circumstances, it is not allowed to use ten, one hundred, one thousand, one hundred thousand, one million, ten million, one billion, one billion, or one hundred billion as the unit (in the case of legal units of measurement such as kilograms, kilometers, kilowatts, and megahertz, etc. ). Such as kilometers can be rewritten as 345 million kilometers or 345 million kilometers, but can not write 345 million kilometers or 300 million
45 million kilometers. 4 A multi-digit number written in Arabic numbers cannot be shifted.
3. Two main conditions for using Chinese characters
(1) Numbers are morphemes that form stereotyped words, phrases, idioms, abbreviations, or sentences with rhetorical colors. For example: Uniform, Decisive, Diploid, Trilobite, Eight-Power Allied Forces, Three Iron Oxide, Long March of 25,000 Miles, Third World, "One-Second-Nine-Nine" Movement, October Revolution, "Seventh Five-Year" The plan, five provinces and one city, the second army of the Red Army of the Workers and Peasants of China, the Shanghai Second Commerce Bureau, the First Secretary, Louis XVI, and a certain ministry with five classes and two classes of six classes, three white hairs, and a difference of one hundred thousand miles.
(2) The two adjacent numbers (one, two, ... ninth) are used in parallel to represent the estimate (the number of consecutive two digits is not separated by a sign). For example: 23 meters, 35 days, 13 tons, 45 years old, 70 or 80 types, 1770 yuan, 50 to 60,000 units, and 10 out of ten.
4. Citations are marked in Chinese, and page numbers are used. Arabic numerals are generally used, except that the ancient books should be consistent with the version.
For example: 1 Xu Shen: "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" four volumes in volume six, page nine. 2 Xu Shen:
"Shuo Wen Jie Zi" Zhonghua Book Co., Ltd. Photocopy of Chen Changzhi in 1963, p. 126. 3 Marx and Engels: The Communist Manifesto, see Volume 4 of the Complete Works of Marx and Engels, People's Publishing House, 1st ed. 1958, p. 493.
5. When the horizontal headings involve numbers, they can be flexibly handled according to the actual needs of the layout.
6. Promote horizontal rows. In the case of a vertical arrangement, the numbers involved in the text should use Chinese characters in addition to the Arabic numerals that must be retained. The Arabic numbers that need to be preserved are tapped in the top right and left direction.
Third, the general layout rules and other issues that should be noted
The non-technical books and publications will involve many reasons such as the use of traditional Chinese characters, variant characters, local dialects, etc. Therefore, this has to attract the attention of print publishers.
I. The texts of simplified Chinese characters and local dialects
Non-science and technology books and periodicals (especially history, geography, local biographies, and other types of books and periodicals) will encounter many traditional, foreign, and local dialects when they are published. For traditional characters and some variant characters, in principle, the State Council should revise the State Council's linguistic and linguistic work council in 1986 to revoke the "second Chinese character simplified program (draft)" and to correct the use of social word confusion," the notice The spirit, that is, “we should be cautious about the simplification of Chinese characters, so that the shape of Chinese characters will remain relatively stable for a period of time in order to facilitate social applications. At present, the society is abusing traditional characters, inventing simplified characters, casually writing typos, and using word confusion everywhere. The State Council has instructed the National Language Work Council to work together with relevant departments to study and formulate word management methods in various aspects as soon as possible so as to gradually eliminate the anomalies in the use of social word confusion.†The use of irregular characters should be corrected. The current language in China is based on the simplified characters prescribed in the “Joint Circular on Simplified Characters†published by the Chinese Character Reform Commission, the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China in 19643. However, in some historical, geographical, or classical literature, when some fonts of ancient Chinese (especially names and place names) and local dialects are often involved, there will be some variants and simplified Chinese characters that have been stipulated by certain countries to stop using them. , such as "■,
■, ■, ■, etc. There are also some local dialects, such as “■, ■, ■†in the Fuzhou dialect. Since these words relate to names, place names, and local features, some countries have Simplification, but some authors and editorial departments still have to keep traditional, in order to maintain their original characteristics, so that in the same book there is a problem of traditional and simplified coexistence, in fact, for ancient characters, place names, etc. The scribble of the book can basically be said to be unnecessary because it is written in many authoritative books and periodicals.
In the reference book, the simplified characters have long been simplified according to the standard of the simplified character of the state, or even renamed because of the relatively remoteness of the word, such as Yixian County (now known as Aihui County) and Suichuan County (present-day). Has been rewritten as Wuchuan County), Bi (now writing has risen, and the word has been set to stop using the variant characters) and so on. In addition, the State’s “Regulations on the Use of Geographical Names†in 1987 clearly stipulated that:
According to the Notice of the State Council Approved by the National Language and Text Work Committee on Repealing the Second Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (Draft) and Requests for Correcting the Chaos in Social Use, and the “Regulations on Geographical Names Management†promulgated by the State Council in January 1986 In the spirit of the two documents, the following words shall be used for the names of geographical names: (1) Various types of geographical names, including names of physical geographical entities, names of administrative divisions, names of residential areas, stations, stations, ports, and ports with meanings of place names used by professional departments. Field names, etc. shall be written according to the standardized Chinese characters determined by the State.
Do not use self-made characters, simplified traditional characters and eliminated variants. The Chinese characters of place names are based on the “Printed General Chinese Character Forms†issued jointly by the Ministry of Culture and the Chinese Language Reform Commission in 1965. (2) The translation and writing of the Chinese characters of geographical names of ethnic minorities and foreign geographical names shall be translated and written in accordance with the relevant regulations formulated by the China Geographical Names Committee and shall be standardized. (3) China's place names spelled in Hanyu Pinyin letters, and the “Chinese Pinyin Program†announced by the state as a unified standard. The Chinese place names and minority language names written in Chinese characters,
It was spelled according to the "Chinese Place Names Hanyu Pinyin Letters Spelling Rules (Chinese Placename Part)" jointly issued by the China Geographical Names Committee, the Chinese Character Reform Committee, and the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping.
The spelling of geographical names in ethnic minority languages ​​such as Mongolian, Uyghur, and Tibetan is in principle spelled according to the “Transliteration of Chinese Phonetic Alphabets of Minority Minorities†revised by the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping and the Chinese Committee for Reform of Letters in 1976. (4) When official names, documents, books, newspapers, newspapers, signs, etc., are used in place names, they shall be subject to the standard place names approved by various levels of government.
Therefore, in some of our books and magazines we still continue to retain traditionalism. It seems to be an extraordinarily powerful move. However, this is mostly the request of the author. As a typeetter, it is not authorized by the customer and there is no power to amend it. Therefore, it is only possible to explain to the authors and editors whether or not they have been changed to simplified characters, or they can be marked at the first appearance of the book to indicate that the traditional characters have been changed to simplified characters. In addition, some authors have even written their traditional characters into non-trivial, self-made characters such as â– (Traditional Chinese â– , â– , Simplified Chinese), â– (Traditional Strength â– , Simplified). For note), etc. Although computers are now a simple matter for making new characters, creating such words at random will inevitably increase the number of alien and self-made characters and bring unnecessary trouble to the entire language work. Added new confusion. Therefore, we can arrange the personnel to take out the basis of authenticity and authority, explain the patient to the authors, etc., and try to make them use the simplified Chinese characters. For individual words in dialects, it may be advisable to mark them at the beginning of the book (the simplified words should be used as much as possible). such,
When the reader meets again, he will understand.
Second, the use of numbers
The use of numbers in non-technical books and periodicals should be based on the year 1987 (National Language and Literary Works Committee, National Publications Bureau, National Bureau of Standards, National Bureau of Weights and Measures, Secretary of the State Council Secretariat, Bureau of Information of the Central Propaganda Department, Publication Bureau of the Central Propaganda Department). And other units) announce the implementation of the prescribed standards, and the specific provisions are as follows:
1. General principle
Arabic numerals should be used where Arabic numerals can be used and where they are decent. In special circumstances, it can be flexible, but it should strive to maintain a relatively uniform. The rearrangement of ancient books and the publication of books and periodicals are still based on the traditional style.
2. Two main situations where Arabic numerals should be used
(1) The Gregorian century, the age, the year, the month, the day, and the time. For example: 8th century BC, 20th century 80
Years, 440 BC, 7 AD, October 1, 1986, 4:20, 4:3, and 3 PM, Qu Yuan (about 340 BC – 278 BC), Yang Xiong (53 BC) In 18 AD, Lu Xun (1881.9.25~1936.10.19). At this time, we must pay attention to: 1 year can not be abbreviated, such as 1980 can not write 80 years, 1950 to 1980 can not write 1950 to 80 years. Use Chinese characters for 2 weeks, like Saturday. 3 Chinese characters used in the historical records of the Chinese calendar of the Xia and Qing dynasties, such as the beginning of the fifth month of the lunar month, the fifth day of the fifth year of the Bing Dynasty, the forty-four years of the Qin Wengong (722 BC), and the second day of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom on September 24 ( Qing Xianfeng, September 20, 1960 AD. 4 Arabic numerals were used in the years of the Chinese national year and the Japanese year, such as 38 years (1949) and 1616 (1941) years of the Republic of China.
(2) Counting and measurement (including positive and negative integers, fractions, decimals, percentages, divisors, etc.). For example: 41 302, -125.03, 1/16, 1/1000, 4.5 times, 34.05%, 4.5 inches, 3~~1, 17.368 million kilometers, 4,000 kilograms, 125,000 square meters, 21. 35 yuan, 456,000 yuan, 270 dollars, 48 ​​years, 10 months, -17°C, 59 amps,
123°50′E, vitamin B～～12,500 kinds, more than 600,000 kilograms, HP-3000 type computers, 21/22 special express trains, national standards GB2312-80, 84602 troops. It should be noted at this time: 1 The form of a numerical value should take care of the context. Not a single digit (one, two, ... nine) that appears in a set of scientifically-econometric and statistically significant figures can use Chinese characters such as one person, three books, four products, six opinions, and read nine times. 24 digits and more than 4 digits adopt the internationally accepted three-point division method.
The position of the space between the festival and the festival is half an Arabic number (ie, 1/4 empty Chinese characters). (Note that these spaces will split a complete number into two if they are in a switch position. Therefore, the typesetting and proofreading should be special. Note that these numbers cannot be split into two rows, which can be framed by a box during layout. Non-science and technology books and periodicals can now be divided into sections. However, the method of subsection with thousands of "" and "" signs does not conform to international standards and national standards and should be abolished. For numbers with more than 35 digits and more than zero mantissa, it can be rewritten as a number in units of ten thousand and one hundred million. Under normal circumstances, it is not allowed to use ten, one hundred, one thousand, one hundred thousand, one million, ten million, one billion, one billion, or one hundred billion as the unit (in the case of legal units of measurement such as kilograms, kilometers, kilowatts, and megahertz, etc. ). Such as kilometers can be rewritten as 345 million kilometers or 345 million kilometers, but can not write 345 million kilometers or 300 million
45 million kilometers. 4 A multi-digit number written in Arabic numbers cannot be shifted.
3. Two main conditions for using Chinese characters
(1) Numbers are morphemes that form stereotyped words, phrases, idioms, abbreviations, or sentences with rhetorical colors. For example: Uniform, Decisive, Diploid, Trilobite, Eight-Power Allied Forces, Three Iron Oxide, Long March of 25,000 Miles, Third World, "One-Second-Nine-Nine" Movement, October Revolution, "Seventh Five-Year" The plan, five provinces and one city, the second army of the Red Army of the Workers and Peasants of China, the Shanghai Second Commerce Bureau, the First Secretary, Louis XVI, and a certain ministry with five classes and two classes of six classes, three white hairs, and a difference of one hundred thousand miles.
(2) The two adjacent numbers (one, two, ... ninth) are used in parallel to represent the estimate (the number of consecutive two digits is not separated by a sign). For example: 23 meters, 35 days, 13 tons, 45 years old, 70 or 80 types, 1770 yuan, 50 to 60,000 units, and 10 out of ten.
4. Citations are marked in Chinese, and page numbers are used. Arabic numerals are generally used, except that the ancient books should be consistent with the version.
For example: 1 Xu Shen: "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" four volumes in volume six, page nine. 2 Xu Shen:
"Shuo Wen Jie Zi" Zhonghua Book Co., Ltd. Photocopy of Chen Changzhi in 1963, p. 126. 3 Marx and Engels: The Communist Manifesto, see Volume 4 of the Complete Works of Marx and Engels, People's Publishing House, 1st ed. 1958, p. 493.
5. When the horizontal headings involve numbers, they can be flexibly handled according to the actual needs of the layout.
6. Promote horizontal rows. In the case of a vertical arrangement, the numbers involved in the text should use Chinese characters in addition to the Arabic numerals that must be retained. The Arabic numbers that need to be preserved are tapped in the top right and left direction.
Third, the general layout rules and other issues that should be noted
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