Packaging is an important part of the product. It is not only the product's protection and barrier layer, but also constitutes the basis for product measurement. It is contrary to the merits or the quality of the display. Therefore, the commodity packaging has always been valued in international trade. Due to the further deterioration of the ecological balance, people’s awareness of environmental protection has been strengthened. In order to protect human health and safety, and prevent mutual trade from harming the target environment and destroying resources, international requirements for packaging have become more stringent. Many corresponding laws and regulations. Some countries have imposed harsh and cumbersome regulations on the packaging of goods. Importers must comply with these regulations, or they must not import or prohibit sales in the market. At the same time, this has also become a requirement of the WTO and more and more emphasis is placed on green packaging.
First, the rise of green packaging and the main content With the continuous expansion of the scale of international commodity exchange, the continuous progress of science and technology, people's understanding of the serious impact of commodity packaging on the ecological environment is becoming more and more in-depth. The negative impact of packaging on the environment is mainly due to packaging materials and the resulting packaging waste and packaging container structure. Traditional natural packaging materials, such as wood and cotton, may bring locusts, red mites and nematodes that damage the ecological environment and economic crops to the importing country, endanger local forests and crops, and may also bring in various types of bacteria. Influencing the safety of people and animals, newly-developed chemical synthetic materials such as PVC plastics are difficult to degrade naturally, and they pollute the atmosphere when they are burned as waste; in the process of producing foamed liner plastics, chlorofluorocarbons are included. The use of (CFCS) foaming agents can damage the ozone layer and endanger human life. A large number of packaging wastes seriously pollute the environment, generate waste and become a major public hazard. The unreasonable structure of packaging containers will cause harm to the safety and health of users or consumers, and some will cause damage to the environment. In 1987, the United Nations Environment and Development Commission called for the use of green packaging in the "China's Common Future." Countries have also adopted many environmental protection measures for green packaging, and green packaging has thus emerged. Since the 1990s, most countries have adopted laws, regulations and standards to protect the ecological environment and human health and safety. The green requirement for packaging is to adapt to this trend and have a good impact on the development of the world economy: (1) reduce the amount of packaging waste; (2) protect the ecological environment; (3) reduce or even eliminate The cross-effects between the trading partners due to the extreme filling of packaging materials to the environment and human health and safety; (4) improved the market competitiveness of the products of exporting countries; (5) adapted to the trade requirements of the world today.
Green packaging generally refers to packaging that is harmless to ecological and environmental protection and human health, saves resources and energy, can be reused or recycled, and can promote sustainable development. In other words, the whole process of packaging products from the selection of raw materials to the manufacture, use, recycling and recycling of products should meet the requirements of ecological and environmental protection. The developed countries proposed the “4R+1D†principle, 4R means: Reduce (Decrease, that is, to minimize the use of packaging materials to meet the functional requirements of the packaging), Reuse (reusable, effective use), Recycle (recyclable products, ie recycling), Recover (incineration) Does not pollute the gas and energy regeneration); 1D refers to Degradable (degradable, does not produce environmental pollution). On this basis, with the progress of science, green packaging may have more connotations. In general, green packaging should have at least the following conditions: (1) it should not have a negative impact on human health, animal and plant safety, and (2) under the conditions of having a packaging function, the use of materials should be the lowest and packaging waste should be the least; ( 3) Packaging can be recycled or reused for packaging materials; (4) Non-recyclable or recycled packaging materials should meet the following requirements: When packaging waste is incinerated, it can generate new energy or no toxic gas and secondary pollution occurs; (5) ) The packaging material can be degraded on its own after use, and it can be destroyed by decomposition after burying itself.
II. Requirements for Green Packaging in International Trade At present, the international green packaging system has become one of the main contents of setting up green standards in developed countries. The green packaging system requires that imported goods are packed to conserve resources, easily recycled or reused after use, easy to decompose naturally, do not pollute the environment, and protect environmental resources and consumer health. According to this institutional principle, in recent decades, developed countries have taken measures to formulate laws, regulations, and technical standards on packaging that include environmental protection measures, mainly in the following categories:
1. Formulate green packaging laws and regulations. Many developed countries comply with the laws and regulations of the country by implementing the laws and regulations that require importation of product packaging and waste disposal.
2, the provisions of the use of certain packaging materials. In order to protect domestic resources, crops, buildings, water sources and forests, and prevent damage caused by pests, bacteria, and microorganisms in the packaging, many countries have imposed restrictions on packaging and strict inspection and treatment regulations. If it is forbidden to use wood, straw, microbes, etc. to cause harm, many countries have made restrictions on packaging, strict inspection and treatment regulations. If it is prohibited to use traditional natural packaging materials such as wood, straw, and old sacks, it is prohibited to use packaging materials containing lead, mercury, and cadmium, etc.
3, limit the use of plastic can not be recycled or can not be decomposed. Such as the United States, the European Union, Japan and other countries, prohibit the use of plastic can not be recycled or can not be decomposed, the packaging design, production, commercialization, must be able to reuse and regeneration.
4. Enforce recycling or reuse laws. Many countries have stipulated that beer, soft drinks and mineral water should all be used in containers that can be recycled. Many countries, such as Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Denmark, have formulated recycling activities and provided for the collection of various packaging materials.
5, collect raw materials, product packaging and waste disposal. Taxes (fees) are levied on companies that produce packaging materials. If all packaging materials used in the product are recyclable packaging materials, they can be tax-exempt; if part of recycled materials are used, a lower tax is levied; Reusing or recycling materials imposes higher taxes.
Third, China's current implementation of the main difficulties facing the green packaging 1, the industrial structure of the packaging industry is not reasonable. From 1980 to 1993, the number of packaging enterprises above the county level in China has increased from 2,600 to 11,033, of which large enterprises have grown to nearly 400. Therefore, as a whole, there is a phenomenon of small scale, poor quality, and low efficiency in the packaging industry. Most enterprises have poor production and operation management, poor product quality, and low level of comprehensive utilization of resources. They can compete with similar international industries and have economies of scale. The large and medium-sized enterprises are not enough to support the development of the entire industry, so that the packaging materials and packaging products have not reached the scale of production, the consequences of which is that the total amount of packaging and waste is not small, but for a given product, The performance is very different, the quantity is scattered, and it causes great difficulties for waste disposal.
2. The technical structure of the packaging industry is irrational. The performance is as follows: (1) Gradient gradient of technology is unreasonable. In general, a reasonable gradient in accordance with China's national conditions should be a relatively large proportion of intermediate technologies, with the proportion of primary technology being the smallest, and the proportion of advanced technologies being in the middle. However, there are still 10%-20% of China's packaging companies whose technology is quite backward. At present, only about 30% of packaging enterprises in China can reach the level of national packaging companies from the late 1980s to the early 1990s. Therefore, the low level of technology in the packaging industry has led to the growth mode of China's packaging industry is still relying on the expansion of the expansion of production (ie, extensive growth mode) rather than relying on technological progress and improve labor productivity to promote. (2) Uneven technology distribution The technical foundation of the packaging industry consists of three major components: packaging materials processing technology, packaging machinery manufacturing technology and packaging containers. At present, the technical strength of the packaging industry is mainly concentrated on the production of packaging containers, while the technical measures for packaging materials and packaging machinery only hope to solve the general raw material production of cancer doors and general machinery production departments to solve, this situation is more and more Can not adapt to the development of packaging industry technology.
3, the technology development capability of the packaging industry is weak. Due to the serious shortage of scientific and technological talents in China's packaging industry, the investment in capital is also relatively inadequate, thus forming a weak technical development capability in the industry. According to incomplete statistics, the proportion of professional technicians in the packaging industry is only about 2%, which is much lower than the average level of 6.8% in the national industry. Therefore, the talent issue has become one of the key factors in the development of this industry. There are still three-quarters of enterprises in the industry that have not undergone technological transformation, especially for large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises and insufficient investment in basic, high-grade, and wide-ranging products, which restricts the development of the industry to a considerable extent. Moreover, due to the weak capability of scientific and technological development in the packaging industry and the dispersion of power, the function of mutual cooperation is difficult to play, resulting in a large number of scientific and technological achievements failing to be applied to the peace of packaging.
4. The regulations on the disposal of packaging waste are extremely backward in the formulation and implementation. From the 1980s to the present, various departments such as scientific research, production, transportation, storage, circulation, and use of environmental protection, labor, foreign trade, commodity inspection, packaging materials, and containers have been working on the disposal of packaging wastes. However, so far, We have not formulated laws and regulations concerning the disposal of extremely waste in accordance with the national conditions in China. This status quo also restricts China's implementation of the relevant provisions of green packaging to a certain extent, will ignore the green packaging in production, and once the goods are pushed to the international market competition will find their products on the packaging is extremely unfavorable status. At the same time, some foreign countries that do not have enough green standards for packaging will also take the opportunity to enter China because of the lack of corresponding packaging laws in China, which will in turn cause harm to consumers and the ecological environment in China.
Fourth, the establishment of China's green packaging system Countermeasures Analysis Europe and the United States and other countries in the environmental laws and regulations on the ease of packaging materials and recyclable products have higher requirements and standards, and China's export of packaging materials, backward, intractable, recyclable At a low rate, some export products are still heavily packed with materials such as wood and rice straw. Not only are they rough in appearance, but they are often blamed and restricted by importing countries because of the presence of diseases and insect pests. This has caused many products in our country to fail due to packaging problems. Export. According to statistics, foreign trade losses caused by packaging are up to 10 billion yuan each year. At the same time, due to the unfamiliarity with relevant laws and regulations of foreign packaging, many of the packages of goods fail to meet the requirements of foreign companies, resulting in major losses. Therefore, China must formulate and adopt corresponding strategies and measures to establish a green packaging system as soon as possible to meet the needs of contemporary international trade. However, the establishment of a green packaging system is a systematic project that involves both the superstructure and the economic foundation. It requires the joint participation of the government, enterprises, and consumers. Law, management, technology, and education will work together to build green packaging with Chinese characteristics. system.
1. From the perspective of administrative management, it is necessary for the national government to coordinate with departments such as the environment, economy and trade, commodity inspection, industry and commerce, and production companies to guide and promote green packaging in China in accordance with the relevant national laws, system environmental standards, sign certification systems, administrative regulations, and management methods. Development and packaging waste design, production and use. In the packaging design, production, sales and use of adherence to green requirements, and strict supervision. The packaging wastes that are incorporated into the packaging waste recycling and treatment system must be marked with green packaging; otherwise, the recycling and processing system is not responsible for recycling, and the production company can recycle it by itself, and can reuse, regenerate, or perform other treatments, and must not be contaminated. The environment also applies to foreign manufacturers exporting to China.
In addition, the government should properly support the packaging industry through industrial policies. In view of the fact that China's packaging industry started relatively late and has a low level, in the process of participating in international competition, it is necessary for the government to give proper support to the industry. The government should follow the principle of giving priority to economic measures, give certain preferential policies to the packaging industry in terms of environmental governance, taxation, credit, etc. At the same time, let enterprises form a good mechanism for the introduction, absorption, and standardization of advanced packaging technologies, and give full play to packaging companies. Micro initiative.
2. From the point of view of the production enterprises, production enterprises need to pay close attention to scientific research, actively use new technologies, invent new technologies, and improve the level of packaging technology. Should focus on solving the following issues: (1) research and development of new green packaging materials,
First, the rise of green packaging and the main content With the continuous expansion of the scale of international commodity exchange, the continuous progress of science and technology, people's understanding of the serious impact of commodity packaging on the ecological environment is becoming more and more in-depth. The negative impact of packaging on the environment is mainly due to packaging materials and the resulting packaging waste and packaging container structure. Traditional natural packaging materials, such as wood and cotton, may bring locusts, red mites and nematodes that damage the ecological environment and economic crops to the importing country, endanger local forests and crops, and may also bring in various types of bacteria. Influencing the safety of people and animals, newly-developed chemical synthetic materials such as PVC plastics are difficult to degrade naturally, and they pollute the atmosphere when they are burned as waste; in the process of producing foamed liner plastics, chlorofluorocarbons are included. The use of (CFCS) foaming agents can damage the ozone layer and endanger human life. A large number of packaging wastes seriously pollute the environment, generate waste and become a major public hazard. The unreasonable structure of packaging containers will cause harm to the safety and health of users or consumers, and some will cause damage to the environment. In 1987, the United Nations Environment and Development Commission called for the use of green packaging in the "China's Common Future." Countries have also adopted many environmental protection measures for green packaging, and green packaging has thus emerged. Since the 1990s, most countries have adopted laws, regulations and standards to protect the ecological environment and human health and safety. The green requirement for packaging is to adapt to this trend and have a good impact on the development of the world economy: (1) reduce the amount of packaging waste; (2) protect the ecological environment; (3) reduce or even eliminate The cross-effects between the trading partners due to the extreme filling of packaging materials to the environment and human health and safety; (4) improved the market competitiveness of the products of exporting countries; (5) adapted to the trade requirements of the world today.
Green packaging generally refers to packaging that is harmless to ecological and environmental protection and human health, saves resources and energy, can be reused or recycled, and can promote sustainable development. In other words, the whole process of packaging products from the selection of raw materials to the manufacture, use, recycling and recycling of products should meet the requirements of ecological and environmental protection. The developed countries proposed the “4R+1D†principle, 4R means: Reduce (Decrease, that is, to minimize the use of packaging materials to meet the functional requirements of the packaging), Reuse (reusable, effective use), Recycle (recyclable products, ie recycling), Recover (incineration) Does not pollute the gas and energy regeneration); 1D refers to Degradable (degradable, does not produce environmental pollution). On this basis, with the progress of science, green packaging may have more connotations. In general, green packaging should have at least the following conditions: (1) it should not have a negative impact on human health, animal and plant safety, and (2) under the conditions of having a packaging function, the use of materials should be the lowest and packaging waste should be the least; ( 3) Packaging can be recycled or reused for packaging materials; (4) Non-recyclable or recycled packaging materials should meet the following requirements: When packaging waste is incinerated, it can generate new energy or no toxic gas and secondary pollution occurs; (5) ) The packaging material can be degraded on its own after use, and it can be destroyed by decomposition after burying itself.
II. Requirements for Green Packaging in International Trade At present, the international green packaging system has become one of the main contents of setting up green standards in developed countries. The green packaging system requires that imported goods are packed to conserve resources, easily recycled or reused after use, easy to decompose naturally, do not pollute the environment, and protect environmental resources and consumer health. According to this institutional principle, in recent decades, developed countries have taken measures to formulate laws, regulations, and technical standards on packaging that include environmental protection measures, mainly in the following categories:
1. Formulate green packaging laws and regulations. Many developed countries comply with the laws and regulations of the country by implementing the laws and regulations that require importation of product packaging and waste disposal.
2, the provisions of the use of certain packaging materials. In order to protect domestic resources, crops, buildings, water sources and forests, and prevent damage caused by pests, bacteria, and microorganisms in the packaging, many countries have imposed restrictions on packaging and strict inspection and treatment regulations. If it is forbidden to use wood, straw, microbes, etc. to cause harm, many countries have made restrictions on packaging, strict inspection and treatment regulations. If it is prohibited to use traditional natural packaging materials such as wood, straw, and old sacks, it is prohibited to use packaging materials containing lead, mercury, and cadmium, etc.
3, limit the use of plastic can not be recycled or can not be decomposed. Such as the United States, the European Union, Japan and other countries, prohibit the use of plastic can not be recycled or can not be decomposed, the packaging design, production, commercialization, must be able to reuse and regeneration.
4. Enforce recycling or reuse laws. Many countries have stipulated that beer, soft drinks and mineral water should all be used in containers that can be recycled. Many countries, such as Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Denmark, have formulated recycling activities and provided for the collection of various packaging materials.
5, collect raw materials, product packaging and waste disposal. Taxes (fees) are levied on companies that produce packaging materials. If all packaging materials used in the product are recyclable packaging materials, they can be tax-exempt; if part of recycled materials are used, a lower tax is levied; Reusing or recycling materials imposes higher taxes.
Third, China's current implementation of the main difficulties facing the green packaging 1, the industrial structure of the packaging industry is not reasonable. From 1980 to 1993, the number of packaging enterprises above the county level in China has increased from 2,600 to 11,033, of which large enterprises have grown to nearly 400. Therefore, as a whole, there is a phenomenon of small scale, poor quality, and low efficiency in the packaging industry. Most enterprises have poor production and operation management, poor product quality, and low level of comprehensive utilization of resources. They can compete with similar international industries and have economies of scale. The large and medium-sized enterprises are not enough to support the development of the entire industry, so that the packaging materials and packaging products have not reached the scale of production, the consequences of which is that the total amount of packaging and waste is not small, but for a given product, The performance is very different, the quantity is scattered, and it causes great difficulties for waste disposal.
2. The technical structure of the packaging industry is irrational. The performance is as follows: (1) Gradient gradient of technology is unreasonable. In general, a reasonable gradient in accordance with China's national conditions should be a relatively large proportion of intermediate technologies, with the proportion of primary technology being the smallest, and the proportion of advanced technologies being in the middle. However, there are still 10%-20% of China's packaging companies whose technology is quite backward. At present, only about 30% of packaging enterprises in China can reach the level of national packaging companies from the late 1980s to the early 1990s. Therefore, the low level of technology in the packaging industry has led to the growth mode of China's packaging industry is still relying on the expansion of the expansion of production (ie, extensive growth mode) rather than relying on technological progress and improve labor productivity to promote. (2) Uneven technology distribution The technical foundation of the packaging industry consists of three major components: packaging materials processing technology, packaging machinery manufacturing technology and packaging containers. At present, the technical strength of the packaging industry is mainly concentrated on the production of packaging containers, while the technical measures for packaging materials and packaging machinery only hope to solve the general raw material production of cancer doors and general machinery production departments to solve, this situation is more and more Can not adapt to the development of packaging industry technology.
3, the technology development capability of the packaging industry is weak. Due to the serious shortage of scientific and technological talents in China's packaging industry, the investment in capital is also relatively inadequate, thus forming a weak technical development capability in the industry. According to incomplete statistics, the proportion of professional technicians in the packaging industry is only about 2%, which is much lower than the average level of 6.8% in the national industry. Therefore, the talent issue has become one of the key factors in the development of this industry. There are still three-quarters of enterprises in the industry that have not undergone technological transformation, especially for large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises and insufficient investment in basic, high-grade, and wide-ranging products, which restricts the development of the industry to a considerable extent. Moreover, due to the weak capability of scientific and technological development in the packaging industry and the dispersion of power, the function of mutual cooperation is difficult to play, resulting in a large number of scientific and technological achievements failing to be applied to the peace of packaging.
4. The regulations on the disposal of packaging waste are extremely backward in the formulation and implementation. From the 1980s to the present, various departments such as scientific research, production, transportation, storage, circulation, and use of environmental protection, labor, foreign trade, commodity inspection, packaging materials, and containers have been working on the disposal of packaging wastes. However, so far, We have not formulated laws and regulations concerning the disposal of extremely waste in accordance with the national conditions in China. This status quo also restricts China's implementation of the relevant provisions of green packaging to a certain extent, will ignore the green packaging in production, and once the goods are pushed to the international market competition will find their products on the packaging is extremely unfavorable status. At the same time, some foreign countries that do not have enough green standards for packaging will also take the opportunity to enter China because of the lack of corresponding packaging laws in China, which will in turn cause harm to consumers and the ecological environment in China.
Fourth, the establishment of China's green packaging system Countermeasures Analysis Europe and the United States and other countries in the environmental laws and regulations on the ease of packaging materials and recyclable products have higher requirements and standards, and China's export of packaging materials, backward, intractable, recyclable At a low rate, some export products are still heavily packed with materials such as wood and rice straw. Not only are they rough in appearance, but they are often blamed and restricted by importing countries because of the presence of diseases and insect pests. This has caused many products in our country to fail due to packaging problems. Export. According to statistics, foreign trade losses caused by packaging are up to 10 billion yuan each year. At the same time, due to the unfamiliarity with relevant laws and regulations of foreign packaging, many of the packages of goods fail to meet the requirements of foreign companies, resulting in major losses. Therefore, China must formulate and adopt corresponding strategies and measures to establish a green packaging system as soon as possible to meet the needs of contemporary international trade. However, the establishment of a green packaging system is a systematic project that involves both the superstructure and the economic foundation. It requires the joint participation of the government, enterprises, and consumers. Law, management, technology, and education will work together to build green packaging with Chinese characteristics. system.
1. From the perspective of administrative management, it is necessary for the national government to coordinate with departments such as the environment, economy and trade, commodity inspection, industry and commerce, and production companies to guide and promote green packaging in China in accordance with the relevant national laws, system environmental standards, sign certification systems, administrative regulations, and management methods. Development and packaging waste design, production and use. In the packaging design, production, sales and use of adherence to green requirements, and strict supervision. The packaging wastes that are incorporated into the packaging waste recycling and treatment system must be marked with green packaging; otherwise, the recycling and processing system is not responsible for recycling, and the production company can recycle it by itself, and can reuse, regenerate, or perform other treatments, and must not be contaminated. The environment also applies to foreign manufacturers exporting to China.
In addition, the government should properly support the packaging industry through industrial policies. In view of the fact that China's packaging industry started relatively late and has a low level, in the process of participating in international competition, it is necessary for the government to give proper support to the industry. The government should follow the principle of giving priority to economic measures, give certain preferential policies to the packaging industry in terms of environmental governance, taxation, credit, etc. At the same time, let enterprises form a good mechanism for the introduction, absorption, and standardization of advanced packaging technologies, and give full play to packaging companies. Micro initiative.
2. From the point of view of the production enterprises, production enterprises need to pay close attention to scientific research, actively use new technologies, invent new technologies, and improve the level of packaging technology. Should focus on solving the following issues: (1) research and development of new green packaging materials,
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